Multi-purpose digital frequency synthesizer circuit for a programmable logic device

ABSTRACT

A digital frequency synthesizer (DFS) circuit adds little additional delay on the clock path. True and complement versions of an input clock signal are provided to a first and second passgates, respectively. Under the direction of a control circuit, the passgates pass selected rising edges of the true clock signal, and selected falling edges of the complement clock signal, to an output clock terminal of the DFS circuit. When neither the true nor the complement clock signal is passed, a keeper circuit retains the value already present at the output clock terminal. In some embodiments, both passgates can be disabled and a ground or power high signal can be applied to the output terminal. Other embodiments include PLDs in which the DFS circuits are employed to allow individual clock control for each programmable logic block.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to digital frequency synthesizer (DFS) circuitsfor clocked digital systems. More particularly, the invention relates toa simple but flexible DFS circuit having particularly advantageousapplication to a Programmable Logic Device (PLD).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are a well-known type of digitalintegrated circuit that can be programmed to perform specified logicfunctions. One type of PLD, the field programmable gate array (FPGA),typically includes an array of configurable logic blocks (CLBs)surrounded by a ring of programmable input/output blocks (IOBs). TheCLBs and IOBs are interconnected by a programmable interconnectstructure. Some FPGAs also include additional logic blocks with specialpurposes (e.g., DLLs, RAM, and so forth).

The CLBs, IOBs, interconnect, and other logic blocks are typicallyprogrammed by loading a stream of configuration data (bitstream) intointernal configuration memory cells that define how the CLBs, IOBs, andinterconnect are configured. The configuration data can be read frommemory (e.g., an external PROM) or written into the FPGA by an externaldevice. The collective states of the individual memory cells thendetermine the function of the FPGA.

Another type of PLD is the Complex Programmable Logic Device, or CPLD. ACPLD includes two or more programmable function blocks connectedtogether and to input/output (I/O) resources by an interconnect switchmatrix. Each function block of the CPLD includes a two-level AND/ORstructure similar to those used in Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) andProgrammable Array Logic (PAL) devices. In some CPLDs, configurationdata is stored on-chip in non-volatile memory, then downloaded tovolatile memory as part of an initial configuration sequence.

For all of these programmable logic devices (PLDs), the functionality ofthe device is controlled by data bits provided to the device for thatpurpose. The data bits can be stored in volatile memory (e.g., staticRAM cells, as in FPGAs and some CPLDs), in non-volatile memory (e.g.,FLASH memory, as in some CPLDs), or in any other type of memory cell.

Other PLDs are programmed by applying a processing layer, such as ametal layer, that programmably interconnects the various elements on thedevice. These PLDs are known as ASIC devices (Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits). PLDs can also be implemented in other ways, e.g.,using fuse or antifuse technology.

Whatever type of architecture is used, PLDs generally include manyprogrammable logic blocks of various types interconnected by aprogrammable interconnect structure. Other circuits included in the PLDmight or might not be programmable. These additional circuits caninclude, for example, configuration logic and a clock distributionstructure (clock tree).

FIG. 1 shows a typical PLD and the clock tree included in the PLD. ThePLD includes a plurality of programmable logic blocks LB and an array orinterconnect matrix (not shown) interconnecting the function blocks. Inan FPGA, logic blocks LB correspond, for example, to IOBs or CLBs; in aCPLD, logic blocks LB correspond to function blocks or macrocells.

A PLD pad 101 is designated as the input clock pad, to which the systemclock signal is supplied. The system clock signal is buffered (ininverting buffer 102) to reduce the capacitance of the system clocknode, then is delivered to an approximate center point CP of the PLD.From center point CP, the clock signal is radially distributed tomultiplexers M1-M4 and hence to inverting buffers B1-B4. The radialdistribution equalizes the delay from the input clock pad 101 to thedestination logic blocks LB.

The system clock signal is routed from center point CP to multiplexersM1-M4, which are individually controlled by configuration memory cellsMC1-MC4 to pass either the system clock signal or a power high signalVDD. Each inverting buffer B1-B4 provides a selected signal to onequadrant of the PLD. Thus, if only a portion of the logic blocks areneeded to implement a particular design, one or more quadrants can beleft deliberately unused when logic is assigned to the logic blocks, andthe corresponding multiplexer M1-M4 can be configured such that thecorresponding clock buffer B1-B4 supplies the ground signal to theunused quadrant. In CMOS logic, power consumption is largely due tonodes changing state. Thus, grounding the clock signal for an entirequadrant of the device can potentially cut power usage of the PLD as awhole by as much as twenty-five percent.

FIG. 2 shows another prior art PLD, in which a further level of clockcontrol is provided by including for each logic block a programmableclock buffer CB, interposed between inverting buffer B1-B4 and the inputclock terminal of the logic block. Programmable clock buffer CBtypically has the ability to select either the true or the complementclock signal for the logic block. Lo et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,456,126B1, describe several such clock buffers, as well as several clockbuffers having the additional capability of adding a programmable clockdoubler function.

The PLDs of FIGS. 1 and 2 include programmable clock trees wherein thepower consumption of the PLD can be reduced by disabling the clocksignal for one or more quadrants of the device. However, this scheme isonly effective if the design implemented in the PLD uses up tothree-fourths of the PLD, which can require the purchase of a moreexpensive PLD than might otherwise be required. Further, all input andoutput pads for the design must then be mapped to portions of the PLDhaving an enabled clock signal, which can make board design moredifficult. Therefore, it is desirable to provide PLDs having clock treesthat offer alternative methods of reducing power consumption. It isfurther desirable to provide clock buffers offering programmablefunctions in addition to those described above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides novel clock divider and digital frequencysynthesizer (DFS) circuits that add little additional delay on the clockpath. Each rising and falling edge of an input clock signal triggers apulse from a pulse generator circuit. These pulses are passed to acontrol circuit. True and complement versions of the input clock signalare also provided to a multiplexer circuit. Under the direction of thecontrol circuit, the multiplexer circuit passes selected rising edges ofthe true clock signal, and selected falling edges of the complementclock signal, to an output clock terminal of the clock divider circuit.When neither the true nor the complement clock signal is passed by themultiplexer, a keeper circuit retains the value already present at theoutput clock terminal.

According to one embodiment of the invention, every Nth rising edge onthe true clock signal is passed to the output terminal, where N is aneven integer. Every Nth falling edge on the complement clock signal isalso passed to the output terminal. This embodiment provides adivide-by-N output signal. In one embodiment, the selected edges areseparated by N/2 rising edges. Thus, this embodiment provides aduty-cycle-corrected output clock signal.

The clock divider circuit of the invention provides the capability todivide by any even integer, rather than being limited to powers of twoas are many clock dividers. The delay through the clock divider circuitis the same, regardless of which even number is selected as the divisor.

In one embodiment of the invention, the control circuit is implementedas a counter followed by a decoder circuit. In other embodiments, thecontrol circuit is a state machine having at least four states. In afirst state, the state machine enables the “true” path through themultiplexer circuit and disables the “complement” path. In a secondstate, the state machine disables both paths through the multiplexer,and the next transition is to a third state. In the third state, thestate machine enables the “complement” path through the multiplexercircuit and disables the “true” path. In the fourth state, the statemachine disables both paths through the multiplexer, and the nexttransition is to the first state. In the second and fourth states, thekeeper circuit maintains the existing value on the output terminal ofthe clock divider circuit.

An advantage of this circuit is that many of the delays typical of priorart clock dividers (D-flip-flop delays, combinational logic delays, andso forth) are shifted from the clock path to the path through thecontrol circuit. Therefore, these delays are not on the clock path,i.e., not on the critical path for the clock divider circuit.

Another advantage is that by controlling the functionality of thecontrol circuit, any even number (up to the capacity built into thecontrol circuit) can be selected as the divisor for the clock dividercircuit. Therefore, the clock divider circuit of the invention providesadditional flexibility compared to many known clock dividers.

In one embodiment, the described clock divider circuit is included in aprogrammable logic device (PLD). In some such embodiments, the controlcircuit is programmable to select a divisor from a group of supporteddivisors. The divisor selection can be controlled, for example, usingconfiguration data stored in static RAM (SRAM) cells included in thecontrol circuit.

According to another aspect of the invention, a digital frequencysynthesizer (DFS) circuit is provided that includes a pulse generatorcircuit; a control circuit; first and second passgates controlled by thecontrol circuit and passing a true and complement clock signal,respectively, to an output terminal of the DFS circuit; a keeper circuitcoupled to the output terminal of the DFS circuit, and a ground controlcircuit. The ground control circuit has an input terminal coupled to theoutput terminal of the DFS circuit and is controlled by a signal on aground select terminal. Thus, the DFS circuit can provide either aselected clock frequency, by using the control circuit to control thefirst and second passgates as described above, or a ground signal, bydisabling the first and second passgates and enabling the ground selectterminal.

In various embodiments, the functions supported by the control circuitcan include any or all of the following functions: divide-by-two,divide-by-two with output edges aligned with rising edges of the trueclock terminal, divide-by-two with output edges aligned with fallingedges of the true clock terminal, multiply-by-two, output same as input,or output inverted from input. In other embodiments, the supportedfunctions include division by an even number other than two.

In some embodiments, the DFS circuit includes a clock delay circuitcoupled between the true clock input terminal and the control circuit.Some embodiments include means for selecting either the true orcomplement clock signal to be passed to the output terminal duringpower-up.

According to another aspect of the invention, a DFS circuit is providedthat includes a true clock input terminal providing an input clocksignal having a first frequency; a complement clock input terminalproviding an input signal complementary to the input clock signal; anoutput clock terminal; first and second passgates passing the true andcomplement clock signals, respectively, to the output clock terminal; akeeper circuit coupled to the output clock terminal; and means forcontrolling the first and second passgates to provide an output clocksignal having a second frequency to the output clock terminal.

In one embodiment, the second frequency is the same as the firstfrequency. In other embodiments, the second frequency is half or twicethe first frequency. In some embodiments, the second frequency is thefirst frequency divided by an even number other than two. In someembodiments, a divided-down output clock signal can selectively haveedges corresponding to either rising or falling edges of the input clocksignal.

In some embodiments, the means for controlling the first and secondpassgates includes means for supplying disable signals to enableterminals of each passgate, and the DFS circuit includes means forproviding a ground signal to the output clock terminal when thepassgates are disabled. Thus, the output clock signal can be set toground. In other embodiments, the DFS circuit includes means forproviding a power high signal to the output clock terminal when thepassgates are disabled.

The invention also provides a PLD in which the clock signal of eachlogic block can be selectively disabled. This PLD is an improvement overprior art PLDs, in which the clock can only be disabled for an entirequadrant of logic blocks. In a PLD according to this aspect of theinvention, power savings can be applied to any design that uses lessthan all of the logic blocks in the PLD. Additionally, some embodimentsprovide various options, such as doubling or halving the clockfrequency, that can now be selected on a per-logic-block basis. Thiscapability reduces or eliminates the need to route various clock signalsthroughout the implemented design.

According to this aspect of the invention, a PLD includes a system clockinput pad providing a system clock input signal; a clock buffer havingan input terminal coupled to the system clock input pad and furtherhaving an output terminal; a central node coupled to the output terminalof the clock buffer; a plurality of secondary clock buffers each havingan input terminal coupled to the central node and each further having anoutput terminal; a plurality of programmable logic blocks divided intosets, each set of programmable logic blocks having an associatedsecondary clock buffer, each programmable logic block having an inputclock terminal; and a plurality of synthesizer circuits coupled betweenthe output terminals of the secondary clock buffers and the input clockterminals of associated programmable logic blocks. Each synthesizercircuit includes means for selectively decoupling the input clockterminals of the programmable logic blocks from the output terminals ofthe secondary clock buffers and providing a steady-state signal to theinput clock terminals of the programmable logic blocks.

Some embodiments also support the capability of selectively deriving anoutput clock signal according to desired characteristics, such asfrequency, rising or falling edge alignment, and so forth. Some suchembodiments include means for selectively deriving an output clocksignal from an input clock signal on the output terminal of theassociated secondary clock buffer and providing the output clock signalto the input clock terminal of the associated programmable logic block.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an architectural representation of a first prior artprogrammable logic device (PLD) including a programmable clock tree.

FIG. 2 is an architectural representation of a second prior art PLD, inwhich the programmable clock tree includes a clock buffer for each logicblock.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a clock divider circuit according to afirst embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3A shows one embodiment of a pulse generator circuit that can beused with the embodiment of FIG. 3.

FIG. 3B shows one embodiment of a control circuit that can be used withthe embodiment of FIG. 3 to implement a divide-by-two clock dividercircuit.

FIG. 3C is a timing diagram for the clock divider circuit of FIG. 3 whenthe control circuit of FIG. 3B is used.

FIG. 4A shows one embodiment of a control circuit that can be used withthe embodiment of FIG. 3 to implement a, divide-by-four clock dividercircuit.

FIG. 4B is a timing diagram for the clock divider circuit of FIG. 3 whenthe control circuit of FIG. 4A is used.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a clock divider circuit according to athird embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5A shows one embodiment of a control circuit that can be used withthe embodiment of FIG. 5 to implement a second divide-by-two clockdivider circuit.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a first digital frequency synthesizer (DFS)circuit according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A shows one embodiment of a pulse generator circuit that can beused with the embodiment of FIG. 6.

FIG. 6B shows one embodiment of a clock delay circuit that can be usedwith the embodiment of FIG. 6.

FIG. 6C shows one embodiment of a control circuit that can be used withthe embodiment of FIG. 6.

FIG. 6D shows one embodiment of a multiplexer circuit that can be usedin the control circuit of FIG. 6C.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a second DFS circuit according to anotherembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7A shows one embodiment of a control circuit that can be used withthe embodiment of FIG. 7.

FIG. 8 is an architectural representation of a PLD according to oneaspect of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth toprovide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. However,it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present inventioncan be practiced without these specific details.

FIG. 3 shows a clock divider circuit 300 according to a first embodimentof the invention. Clock divider circuit 300 includes a pulse generatorcircuit 311, a control circuit 312, a multiplexer circuit MUX, aninverter 301, and a keeper circuit 313.

In the pictured embodiment, multiplexer circuit MUX includes twopassgates 302 and 303 controlled by control circuit 312. In the picturedembodiment, passgate 303 is implemented as a CMOS passgate, becausepassgate 303 passes rising edges and a voltage drop on the rising edgecan adversely impact the performance of the circuit. For example, a highvalue passed through only an N-channel transistor is dropped by onethreshold voltage, therefore it might not be high enough to trip keepercircuit 313. However, passgate 302 is implemented as an N-channeltransistor. Because only falling edges are passed through passgate 302,no loss of performance results. In other embodiments, other types ofpassgates are used for each of passgates 302 and 303. Other types ofmultiplexer circuits can also be substituted for multiplexer circuitMUX.

Keeper circuit 313 is coupled to output terminal CLKOUT. Keeper circuit313 provides a weak output signal that reinforces the signal on outputterminal CLKOUT. Therefore, the voltage level of the CLKOUT signalremains stored on the output terminal when neither of passgates 302 and303 is providing a signal. One embodiment of keeper circuit 313 includescross-coupled inverters 304, 305. However, keeper circuits are wellknown in the art, and any keeper circuit can be used in clock dividercircuit 300, as long as it is weak enough to be overridden by each ofpassgates 302 and 303.

Pulse generator circuit 311 provides an output pulse in response to eachrising and falling edge of clock input signal CLKIN. (See, for example,the waveforms for signals CLKIN and PULSE provided in FIG. 3C.) Pulsegenerator circuit 311 can be implemented, for example, as shown in FIG.3A. The embodiment shown in FIG. 3A includes inverters 321-324, NOR gate327, and NAND gates 325-326.

Inverters 321-323 are coupled in series. The first inverter 321 in theseries is driven by clock input signal CLKIN, and the final inverter 323in the series drives both NAND gate 325 and NOR gate 327. Each of NANDgate 325 and NOR gate 327 is also driven by clock input signal CLKIN.NAND gate 326 is driven by NAND gate 325 and also by NOR gate 327inverted by inverter 324. The output of NAND gate 326 is the PULSEsignal, which is provided to control circuit 312 in FIG. 3.

Control circuit 312 controls passgates 302 and 303 to selectively passrising edges on input clock signal CLKIN, and falling edges on thecorresponding complementary signal. For example, to generate adivide-by-two clock signal, control circuit 312 enables passgate 303 topass every other rising edge of input clock signal CLKIN, and enablespassgate 302 to pass every other falling edge of the complementary clocksignal provided by inverter 301.

Control circuit 312 can be implemented using a counter and a decodercircuit that decodes the counter values to enable and disable passgates302 and 303. Those of skill in the art of logic design could easilygenerate such an implementation. However, FIG. 3B illustrates apreferred approach in which control circuit 312 is implemented as astate machine.

The embodiment of control circuit 312 shown in FIG. 3B includes threeflip-flops 340-342 providing signals Q0-Q2, respectively. Signals Q0 andQ2 are initialized to low values, and signal Q1 is initialized to a highvalue, when enable signal DIVENB is high. NOR gates 330-332 provide thenext state values D0-D2, respectively, for flip-flops 340-342. NOR gate330 implements the function D0=(Q2+Q1+Q0)′. NOR gate 331 implements thefunction D1=(Q2B+Q1+Q0)′. NOR gate 332 implements the functionD2=(Q2+Q1+Q0B)′.

The sequence of states followed by control circuit 312 is shown inTable 1. The symbol “x” indicates a don't-care value.

TABLE 1 Selected DIVENB O2 O1 O0 D2 D1 D0 Clock 1 0 1 0 x x x True 0 0 10 0 0 0 True 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Off 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Complement 0 1 0 0 0 1 0Off

Note that three flip-flops are used to provide only four states. Whiletwo flip-flops can provide four states, one of these states is a “1,1”state (i.e., Q0 and Q1 would both be “1” in one of the four states). Ifa “1,1” state were used in the clock divider circuit of FIG. 3, adecoder would be required to convert the “1,1” state to a state whereneither of passgates 302, 303 was enabled. Therefore, a third flip-flopis preferably used to distinguish between the two OFF states, i.e.,between the state of “0,0 going to 0,1” and the state of “0,0 going to1,0”.

FIG. 3C shows how the sequence of states shown in Table 1 results in adivide-by-two function for clock divider circuit 300 of FIG. 3.Referring back to FIG. 3, it can be seen that passgate 303 is enabledwhenever signal Q1 is high, and passgate 302 is enabled whenever signalQ0 is high. The true input clock signal CLKIN is applied to passgate303, and a complement clock signal (inverted by inverter 301) is appliedto passgate 302. Thus, signal Q1 is also referred to as the “trueenable” signal TRUEEN, and signal Q0 is also referred to as the“complement enable” signal COMPEN. Control circuit 312 as shown in FIG.3B enables passgate 303 whenever a rising edge on signal CLKIN is to bepassed, and enables passgate 302 whenever a falling edge on thecomplement of signal CLKIN is to be passed.

As shown in Table 1, control circuit 312 has four different states whenenabled. In a first state, signal Q1 is high and signal Q0 is low. In asecond state, signals Q1 and Q0 are both low and the next state will bethe third state. In the third state, signal Q0 is high and signal Q1 islow. In a fourth state, signals Q1 and Q0 are both low and the nextstate will be the first state.

However, while control circuit 312 has four states, clock dividercircuit 300 operates in one of three modes: the “TRUE” mode,corresponding to the first state of the control circuit (signal TRUEENis high, passgate 303 is enabled, and the true clock signal is passed);the “COMP” mode, corresponding to the third state of the control circuit(signal COMPEN is high, passgate 302 is enabled, and the complementclock signal is passed); or the “OFF” mode, corresponding to the secondand fourth states of the control circuit (signals TRUEEN and COMPEN areboth low, neither of the two passgates is enabled, and keeper circuit313 maintains the value of the CLKOUT signal).

As shown in FIG. 3C, prior to time T0 enable signal DIVENB is high,holding signals Q0 and Q2 low and signal Q1 high. The clock dividercircuit is in TRUE mode, and signal CLKIN is passed to the CLKOUTterminal unchanged except for the delay caused by passgate 303. At timeT0, signal DIVENB goes low and the clock divider circuit is enabled. Atthe next rising edge of input clock signal CLKIN (time T1), the risingedge is passed through passgate 303 and appears at the CLKOUT terminal.

Also in response to the rising edge of input clock signal CLKIN (timeT1), a pulse is generated on signal PULSE (time T2), causing flip-flop341 in control circuit 312 to change state, i.e., signal Q1 goes low.When signal Q1 (which is also signal TRUEEN) goes low, passgate 303 isdisabled and the clock divider circuit enters the “OFF” mode.

The next falling edge of signal CLKIN does not result in a falling edgeat the CLKOUT terminal, because the circuit is in the OFF mode. However,the resulting pulse on signal PULSE (time T3) causes flip-flop 340 tochange state, i.e., signal Q0 goes high. When signal Q0 (which is alsosignal COMPEN) goes high, passgate 302 is enabled and the clock dividercircuit enters the “COMP” mode.

At the next rising edge of input clock signal CLKIN, the complementaryfalling edge is passed through passgate 302 and appears at the CLKOUTterminal. The rising clock edge also generates a pulse on signal PULSE(time T4), which causes signal Q0 to go low and signal Q2 to go high.When signal Q0 (which is also signal COMPEN) goes low, passgate 302 isdisabled and the clock divider circuit enters the “OFF” mode.

The next falling edge of signal CLKIN does not result in a falling edgeat the CLKOUT terminal, because the circuit is in the OFF mode. However,the resulting pulse on signal PULSE (time T5) causes signal Q1 to gohigh and signal Q2 to go low. When signal Q1 (which is also signalTRUEEN) goes high, passgate 303 is enabled and the clock divider circuitenters the “TRUE” mode.

The next rising edge of input clock signal CLKIN is passed to the CLKOUTterminal. At time T6, the rising clock edge also generates a pulse onsignal PULSE, which causes signal Q1 to go low and the clock dividercircuit to return to the OFF mode. The cycle shown as period “P1” inFIG. 3C then repeats, for example, as period P2 between times T6 and T7.The cycle continues until signal DIVENB goes high again.

Note that the delay through clock divider circuit 300 for a rising clockedge includes only the delay through passgate 303. The delay throughclock divider circuit 300 for a falling clock edge includes only thedelay through inverter 301 and passgate 302. Therefore, the clock delayof clock divider circuit 300 is significantly shorter than the clockdelay through traditional clock divider circuits.

The novel circuit configuration of FIG. 3 has an additional advantage.In conventional clock dividers, the clock signal follows the same paththrough the divider for both falling and rising edges of the clock.Therefore, the circuit cannot be optimized for both edges. Instead, somecompromise must be reached that provides acceptable performance on bothedges of the clock. However, in the circuit shown in FIG. 3, passgates302 and 303 are separately controlled. Therefore, the controllingtransistors can each be optimized for the corresponding clock edge.

In other words, a rising edge on output clock signal CLKOUT iscontrolled by passgate 303, while a falling edge on output clock signalCLKOUT is controlled by inverter 301 and passgate 302. Therefore,passgate 303 can be optimized to improve the performance of the risingedge of output clock signal CLKOUT, while inverter 301 and passgate 302can be optimized to improve the performance of the falling edge ofoutput clock signal CLKOUT. This optimization can be achieved, forexample, through well-known methods involving circuit simulationsperformed on a computer. One example of such optimization is the use ofa CMOS passgate to implement passgate 303 and an N-channel transistor toimplement passgate 302 in the embodiment of FIG. 3.

For all of these reasons, the clock delay through clock divider circuit300 can be significantly less than the delay through conventional clockdivider circuits. For example, the delay added to a clock dividercircuit using a conventional clock divider is typically about 500picoseconds. However, when the same manufacturing technology is used,the delay added when using clock divider 300 can be as little as 90picoseconds.

The control circuit implementation shown in FIG. 3B can be applied tothe clock divider circuit of FIG. 3 to provide a divide-by-two function.However, by using other control circuits, other divisors can beprovided. For example, FIG. 4A shows a control circuit 412 that can beused with clock divider circuit 300 of FIG. 3 to implement adivide-by-four function.

Control circuit 412 is a state machine having eight different stateswhen enabled. The sequence of states followed by control circuit 412 isshown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Selected DIVENB O4 O3 O2 O1 O0 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Clock 1 0 0 0 1 0x x x x x True 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 True 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Off 0 00 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Off 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Off 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0Complement 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Off 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Off 0 1 1 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 Off

The control circuit 412 shown in FIG. 4A includes five flip-flops440-444 providing signals Q0-Q4, respectively. Signals Q0 and Q2-Q4 areinitialized to low values, and signal Q1 is initialized to a high value,when enable signal DIVENB is high. NOR gates 430-433 and inverter 434provide the next state values D0-D4, respectively, for flip-flops440-444.

NOR gate 430 and NAND gates 451, 452 implement the function((Q3*Q4B)′+(Q2B*Q1B*Q0B)′)′. NOR gate 431 and NAND gates 452, 453implement the function ((Q2B*Q1B*Q0B)′+(Q4*Q3)′)′. NOR gate 432 and NANDgate 452 implement the function ((Q2B*Q1B*Q0B)′+Q3)′. NOR gate 433 andNAND gates 454, 455 implement the function ((Q1B*Q0B)′+(Q3B*Q2)′)′.Inverter 434, NOR gates 435-438, and NAND gates 456-459 implement thefunction(((Q2*Q4*Q0B)′+(Q1B*Q3B)′)′+((Q2B*Q4*Q0B)′+(Q1B*Q3B)′)′+((Q2B*Q4B*Q0)′+(Q1B*Q3B)′)′).

FIG. 4B shows how the sequence of states shown in Table 2 results in adivide-by-four function for clock divider circuit 300 of FIG. 3. As withcontrol circuit 312 of FIG. 3B, at any given time the clock dividercircuit that uses control circuit 412 is operating in either a TRUEmode, a COMP mode, or an OFF mode.

Control circuit 412 differs from control circuit 312 in that the numberof OFF states is increased from two to six. As can be seen from thewaveforms of FIG. 4B, this increased number of OFF states results in aCLKOUT output waveform having twice the period of that shown in FIG. 3C.

As will be clearly understood by those of skill in the relevant arts,the exemplary state machines shown in FIGS. 3B and 4A are only twoexamples of state machines that can be used to implement clock dividercircuits. For example, Table 3 shows a state table for a state machinehaving twelve different states when enabled. When used with clockdivider circuit 300 of FIG. 3, the state machine of Table 3 results in adivide-by-six clock divider circuit.

TABLE 3 DIVENB O5 O4 O3 O2 O1 O0 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Selected Clock 1 0 00 0 1 0 x x x x x x True 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 True 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 Off 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Off 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0Off 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Off 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Off 0 0 0 00 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Complement 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Off 0 1 0 0 1 0 01 0 1 0 0 0 Off 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Off 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0Off 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Off

FIG. 5 shows a clock divider circuit 500 according to another embodimentof the invention. Clock divider circuit 500 is similar to clock dividercircuit 300 of FIG. 3, except that multiplexer circuit MUX1 isimplemented using two CMOS passgates 502, 503. Thus, an additionalcontrol signal Q0B is required. For simplicity, other portions ofcircuit 500 similar to those previously described in connection withFIG. 3 are not further described.

If the same control circuits are used in FIGS. 3 and 5, the circuitswill behave similarly. However, because passgate 502 is a CMOS passgate,both rising and falling edges can quickly be passed through passgate502, and both edges can overcome the weak driver 504 in keeper circuit513. Therefore, clock divider circuit 500 can have an added capability.When the clock divider function is disabled, the circuit of FIG. 5 canoptionally pass either the true or the complement version of input clocksignal CLKIN to output terminal CLKOUT. In the illustrated embodiment,when select signal COMP is high, the complement version of input clocksignal CLKIN is passed. When select signal COMP is low, the true versionof input clock signal CLKIN is passed to output terminal CLKOUT.

Clock divider divide-by-two circuits can advantageously be included inPLDs, dividing down the input clock for distribution within the PLD,then doubling the clock frequency again only where required by the userlogic. Another capability typically included in PLDs is the ability toprogrammably invert the input clock prior to distribution. Thiscapability is typically provided by routing the clock signal through amultiplexer controlled by a configuration memory cell to select eitherthe true or the complement clock signal. Note that the embodiment ofFIGS. 5 and 5A provides this true/complement select capability and theselectable divide-by-two capability as well, with no more delay thanwith the simple multiplexer circuit of the prior art.

In one embodiment, clock divider circuit 500 is included in a PLD, andthe COMP select signal is provided by a configuration memory cell.

FIG. 5A shows one implementation of control circuit 512, where thecontrol circuit is implemented as a state machine similar to that ofFIG. 3B. Flip-flops 540-542 and NOR gates 530-532 are coupled togetherin a fashion similar to that of control circuit 312 of FIG. 3B. However,the set and reset signals of flip-flops 540 and 541 are deriveddifferently, to accommodate the additional functionality. Table 4 showsthe functionality of control circuit 512 of FIG. 5A.

TABLE 4 Selected DIVENB COMP O2 O1 O0 D2 D1 D0 Clock 1 1 0 0 1 x x xComp 1 0 0 1 0 x x x True 0 x 0 1 0 0 0 0 True 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 1 Off 0 x 00 1 1 0 0 Complement 0 x 1 0 0 0 1 0 Off

When the divide-by-two function is enabled (i.e., signal DIVENB is low),inverter 511 provides a high value to NOR gates 521 and 522, drivingset/reset signals S1R0 and R1S0 low, respectively. Thus, select signalCOMP is a don't-care value. When the divide-by-two function is disabled(i.e., signal DIVENB is high), the value of select signal COMPdetermines the values of set/reset signals S1R0 and R1S0.

When signal DIVENB is high and signal COMP is high (i.e., the complementclock signal is selected), NOR gate 521 drives set/reset signal S1R0low, while inverter 512 provides a low value to NOR gate 522. Becausesignal DIVENB is high, inverter 511 also provides a low value, and NORgate 522 drives set/reset signal R1S0 high. Flip-flop 540 sets signal Q0high, while flip-flop 541 resets signal Q1 low. Passgate 502 is enabledto pass the complement clock signal, while passgate 503 is disabled.

When signal DIVENB is high and signal COMP is low (i.e., the true clocksignal is selected), inverter 512 provides a high value to NOR gate 522,which drives set/reset signal R1S0 low. Because signal DIVENB is high,inverter 511 also provides a low value, and NOR gate 521 drivesset/reset signal S1R0 high. Flip-flop 540 resets signal Q0 low, whileflip-flop 541 sets signal Q1 high. Passgate 503 is enabled to pass thetrue clock signal, while passgate 502 is disabled.

As has been demonstrated by the above examples, many different controlcircuits can be used with the clock divider circuits of the invention,imparting different capabilities to the circuits. For example, in theembodiments described above, the control circuit accommodates only onedivisor. In other embodiments (not shown), the control circuit isimplemented as a programmable state machine supporting a plurality ofdivisors.

In some embodiments, the clock divider circuit of the invention forms aportion of a programmable logic device (PLD) such as a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) or a complex programmable logic device(CPLD). In one such embodiment, the control circuit is implemented usinguser-controlled programmable logic to perform a specific function in aparticular design, and supports only one divisor.

In another PLD embodiment, the control circuit is implemented indedicated logic (i.e., not using the user-controlled logic blocks). Thisdedicated logic, however, can be designed to be programmable. Forexample, in some embodiments a clock divider circuit is implemented indedicated logic in a PLD. The clock divider circuit includes a statemachine that is configurable to support any of several divisors.

In one such embodiment, where the PLD is a CPLD, the state machine iscontrolled by logic values stored in FLASH memory using the typicalprogramming process for the CPLD. In this embodiment, the logic valuesare included in the CPLD configuration data file. In another suchembodiment, where the PLD is an FPGA, the state machine is controlled bylogic values stored in SRAM cells during the normal configurationprocess for the FPGA. In this embodiment, the logic values are loaded aspart of a configuration bitstream.

The principles of the invention can also be applied to clock generatorcircuits having additional capabilities, such as the digital frequencysynthesizer (DFS) circuit of FIG. 6.

Referring now to FIG. 6, DFS circuit 600 includes a pulse generatorcircuit 611, a clock delay circuit 614, a control circuit 612, amultiplexer circuit MUX, an inverter 601, a keeper circuit 613, and aground control circuit 615.

In the pictured embodiment, multiplexer circuit MUX includes twopassgates 602 and 603 controlled by control circuit 612. Signal TRUEENBfrom control circuit 612 enables passgate 603, which passes the inputclock signal CLKIN. Signal COMPEN from control circuit 612 enablespassgate 602, which passes the complement of input clock signal CLKIN(inverted by inverter 601). In the pictured embodiment, both passgatesare implemented as CMOS passgates. However, other types of passgates canalso be used. Other types of multiplexer circuits can also besubstituted for multiplexer circuit MUX. Additionally, as is well knownin the art, control signals COMPEN and/or TRUEENB can be provided ininverted form and the gate terminals of passgates 602 and 603 can bechanged to maintain the same functionality.

Keeper circuit 613 is coupled to output terminal CLKOUT. In the picturedembodiment, keeper circuit 613 is similar to keeper circuit 313 of FIG.3. However, any keeper circuit can be used in DFS circuit 600, as longas it is weak enough to be overridden by each of passgates 602 and 603.

Ground control circuit 615 is implemented in the pictured embodiment asa pull-down (e.g., an N-channel transistor to ground) controlled by aground select signal SELGND. When ground select signal SELGND is high,the output terminal CLKOUT is always low.

In another embodiment (not shown) ground control circuit 615 is replacedby (or enhanced by the addition of) a power high control circuit, e.g.,a pull-up (P-channel transistor to power high) controlled by a powerhigh select signal SELVDDB. When power high select signal SELVDDB islow, the output terminal CLKOUT is always high.

Pulse generator circuit 611 provides an output pulse in response to eachrising and falling edge of input clock signal CLKIN. (See, for example,the waveforms for signals CLKIN and PULSE provided in FIG. 3C.) Pulsegenerator circuit 611 can be implemented, for example, as shown in FIG.3A. However, in one embodiment, pulse generator circuit 611 isimplemented as shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6A shows an embodiment of pulse generator circuit 611 that includesinverter 624, NOR gate 627, and NAND gates 625-626. Input clock signalCLKIN drives both NAND gate 625 and NOR gate 627. Delayed and invertedclock signal CCLKB (provided by clock delay circuit 614 in FIG. 6) alsodrives both NAND gate 625 and NOR gate 627. NAND gate 626 is driven byNAND gate 625 and also by NOR gate 627 inverted by inverter 624. Theoutput of NAND gate 626 is the PULSE signal, which is provided tocontrol circuit 612 in FIG. 6.

FIG. 6B shows an embodiment of clock delay circuit 614, which delays andinverts the input clock signal CLKIN. The pictured embodiment of clockdelay circuit 614 includes P-channel transistors 651-652 and 655,N-channel transistors 653-654 and 656, and inverters 661-665.

Transistors 651-652 are coupled in series between power high VDD and aninternal node INT; while transistors 653-654 are coupled in seriesbetween node INT and ground GND. Transistor 655 is a high-resistanceP-channel transistor coupled between node INT and power high VDD.Transistor 656 is a high-resistance N-channel transistor coupled betweennode INT and ground GND. Transistors 652 and 653 are driven by inputclock signal CLKIN; transistors 651 and 656 are driven by complementselect signal SEL_COMP; and transistors 654 and 655 are driven by trueselect signal SEL_TRUEB.

Internal node INT drives inverter 661, which forms the first of a seriesof five inverters 661-665 coupled in series. Other embodiments of theinvention include other numbers of inverters in the series, the numberbeing selected (e.g., via circuit simulation) to function properly atthe desired maximum input clock frequency. Inverter 664 provides delayedand inverted clock signal CCLKB to pulse generator circuit 611 in FIG.6. Inverter 665 provides clock signal CCLK to control circuit 612 inFIG. 6.

When signal SEL_1X_2X is high, select signals SEL_COMP and SEL_TRUEBcontrol whether the output signal CLKOUT is the true or the complementof the input clock signal CLKIN. When signal SEL_1X_2X is low, clockdelay circuit 614 of FIG. 6B functions only as a delay circuit.Therefore, signal SEL_COMP is configured to be low, and signal SEL_TRUEBis configured to be high.

If signal SEL_COMP were high and SEL_TRUEB were low, both transistors655 and 656 would be on, and internal node INT would be at someintermediate state. Thus, this combination of select values is notallowed.

FIG. 6C shows one embodiment of control circuit 612. Many differentcontrol circuits can be used, such as those described above inconjunction with FIGS. 3B and 4A. For example, control circuits can beused that support even divisors greater than two, as described above inconjunction with FIG. 4A. However, the embodiment of control circuit 612shown in FIG. 6C is similar to control circuit 312 of FIG. 3B andcontrol circuit 512 of FIG. 5A. For example, the sequence of states isthe same as that shown in Table 1. Therefore, only the differencesbetween the two circuits are described here.

Table 5 shows how the various select signals provided to control circuit612, clock delay circuit 614, and ground control circuit 615 affect thefunctionality of DFS circuit 600 in FIG. 6. When signal SELGND is high(output signal CLKOUT is forced low), signals SEL_COMP and SEL_TRUEB canhave any permitted combination of values. However, values of 0,0 or 1,1are preferred, as these values tristate the buffer formed by transistors651-654 in FIG. 6B and therefore reduce power consumption.

TABLE 5 CONFIG SEL_(—) SEL SEL_(—) SEL_(—) CLKOUT DONE 1X 2X GND COMPTRUEB FUNCTION 0 0 0 0 1 Non-inverted CLKIN during power-up 1 1 0 0 1CLKIN * 2 1 1 0 0 0 CLKIN 1 1 0 1 1 Inverted CLKIN 1 0 0 0 1 CLKIN/2 onrising edge 1 0 1 1 1 GND

Signal CONFIG_DONE is low during power-up, and goes high when the powerhigh signal reaches a valid operating level for a non-programmable IC,or when the configuration process is complete for a programmable IC.Select signal SEL_1X_2X is set low to select a divide-by-two or groundfunction, and is set high to select a same-frequency or multiply-by-twofunction. Select signal SELGND is set high to force the output clocksignal low.

The set/reset circuitry of control circuit 612 is more complicated thanthat of control circuit 312 (FIG. 3B), being controlled by severalselect signals instead of one. The set/reset circuitry places thecontrol circuit in the correct state for each selected function (seeTable 5). The set/reset circuitry includes NOR gates 633-635 and NANDgate 636.

Signal RST_Q1 (on which a high value resets signal Q1 low) is providedby NOR gate 635, which in turn is driven by NOR gates 633 and 634.Signal SET_Q1 (on which a high value sets signal Q1 high) is provided byNOR gate 634, which is driven by signals SELGND and CONFIG_DONE. NORgate 633 is driven by select signals SELGND and SEL_1X_2X. SignalRST_Q2Q0 (on which a high value resets signals Q2 and Q0 low) isprovided by NAND gate 636, which is driven by NOR gate 633 and selectsignal CONFIG_DONE.

Control signals TRUEENB and COMPEN are provided to multiplexer circuitMUX by multiplexers 638 and 639, respectively, which are controlled byselect signal SEL_1X_2X. Multiplexers 638 and 639 can be implemented,for example, as shown in FIG. 6D. Multiplexer 638 passes signal Q1B whenselect signal SEL_1X_2X is low, and signal CCLK when select signalSEL_1X_2X is high. Multiplexer 639 passes signal Q0 when select signalSEL_1X_2X is low, and signal CCLK when select signal SEL_1X_2X is high.Thus, when select signal SEL_1X_2X is high, this aspect of controlcircuit 612 functions the same way, for example, as control circuits 312and 512.

FIG. 6D shows one embodiment of multiplexers 638 and 639 that can beused in the control circuit of FIG. 6C. When signal S0 is high, inputsignal In0 is passed to output OUT via passgate 671. When signal S1 ishigh, input signal In1 is passed to output OUT via passgate 672. Whenboth signals S0 and S1 are low, output signal OUT is tristated. Whenboth signals S0 and S1 are high, there is contention at the output node,so this combination is not supported.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a DFS circuit 700 according to anotherembodiment of the invention. DFS circuit 700 differs from DFS circuit600 of FIG. 6 in that it includes an additional select signal H2L_DIV2,which is supplied to the control circuit 712. Select signal H2L_DIV2allows the DFS circuit to align the clock edges of the divide-by-twooutput clock signal with either the rising or the falling edges of inputclock signal CLKIN. Select signal H2L_DIV2 also controls whether theoutput signal is the non-inverted input clock signal CLKIN duringpower-up, or is tristated, as shown in Table 6.

In Table 6, when signal SELGND is high (output signal CLKOUT is forcedlow), signals SEL_COMP and SEL_TRUEB can have any permitted combinationof values. However, values of 0,0 or 1,1 are preferred, as these valuestristate the buffer formed by transistors 651-654 in FIG. 6B andtherefore reduce power consumption.

TABLE 6 CONFIG SEL_(—) SEL SEL_(—) SEL_(—) H2L_(—) CLKOUT DONE 1X 2X GNDCOMP TRUEB DIV2 FUNCTION 0 0 0 0 1 0 Non-inverted CLKIN during power-up0 0 0 0 1 1 No CLKIN (tristated) during power-up 1 1 0 0 1 0 CLKIN * 2 11 0 0 0 0 CLKIN 1 1 0 1 1 0 Inverted CLKIN 1 0 0 0 1 0 CLKIN/2, risingedge 1 0 0 0 1 1 CLKIN/2, falling edge 1 0 1 1 1 0 GND

In one embodiment, signal H2L_DIV2 is modified using signal CONFIG_DONE(e.g., using an AND function of signals H2L_DIV2 and CONFIG_DONE) toensure that whenever signal CONFIG_DONE is low, modified signal H2L_DIV2is also low. In this embodiment, signal CLKOUT always reflects thenon-inverted CLKIN during power-up.

In another embodiment, signal H2L_DIV2 is modified using signalCONFIG_DONE (e.g., using an OR function of signal H2L_DIV2 and theinverse of signal CONFIG_DONE) to ensure that whenever signalCONFIG_DONE is low, modified signal H2L_DIV2 is high. In thisembodiment, signal CLKOUT is always tristated during power-up.

FIG. 7A shows one embodiment of control circuit 712. As shown in FIG.7A, select signal H2L_DIV2 controls multiplexers 738 and 739 toselectively exchange the values of signals SET_Q1 and RST_Q1 compared tocontrol circuit 612 of FIG. 6C. Thus, by setting signal H2L_DIV2 high,the initial states of the flip-flops can be altered. As a result, thedivide-by-two output clock signal is delayed such that the output clocksignal changes state on falling edges of the input clock signal, ratherthan on the rising edges. This alteration affects the behavior duringpower-up as well as when the divide-by-two function is selected.

FIG. 8 is an architectural representation of a PLD according to oneaspect of the invention. The PLD of FIG. 8 makes use of the fact thatthe DFS circuit of the invention can provide a steady-state outputsignal, e.g., ground or power high or both.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is similar to the PLD of FIG. 2, exceptthat multiplexers M1-M4 are omitted and each clock buffer has beenreplaced by a programmable synthesizer circuit SC. Multiplexers M1-M4are no longer necessary. Multiplexers M1-M4 were included to inhibit theclock signal driving the logic blocks in an entire quadrant of the chip.In the PLD of FIG. 8, the clock signal for each logic block can becontrolled using the memory cell MC of the associated synthesizercircuit SC. For example, for any logic block LB that has no user logicimplemented in the block, the associated synthesizer circuit SC cansimply be programmed using memory cell MC to provide a steady-statesignal (e.g., a ground signal) to the input clock terminal of the logicblock.

In one embodiment, each memory cell MC is coupled to a SELGND inputterminal of the associated synthesizer circuit.

Either of DFS circuits 600 (FIG. 6) and 700 (FIG. 7) can be used toprovide synthesizer circuits SC. However, DFS circuits 600 and 700merely provide examples of circuits that can be used in this fashion.Therefore, the invention is not limited to PLDs using these circuits.For example, the “synthesizer circuit” could be simply a multiplexersimilar to M1-M4 of FIGS. 1-2, or a multiplexer selecting between thesignal from the secondary buffer B1-B4 and the ground signal.

Those having skill in the relevant arts of the invention will nowperceive various modifications and additions that can be made as aresult of the disclosure herein. For example, the above text describesthe circuits and methods of the invention in the context of integratedcircuits (ICs) such as programmable logic devices (PLDs). However, thecircuits of the invention can also be implemented in other electronicsystems, for example, in printed circuit boards and larger electronicsystems.

Further, digital frequency synthesizer circuits, clock delay circuits,ground control circuits, pulse generator circuits, multiplexers,multiplexer circuits, control circuits, state machines, state machinecircuits, keeper circuits, passgates, CMOS passgates, N-channeltransistors, inverters, NAND gates, NOR gates, and other componentsother than those described herein can be used to implement theinvention. Active-high signals can be replaced with active-low signalsby making straightforward alterations to the circuitry, such as are wellknown in the art of circuit design.

Moreover, some components are shown directly connected to one anotherwhile others are shown connected via intermediate components. In eachinstance the method of interconnection establishes some desiredelectrical communication between two or more circuit nodes. Suchcommunication can often be accomplished using a number of circuitconfigurations, as will be understood by those of skill in the art.

Accordingly, all such modifications and additions are deemed to bewithin the scope of the invention, which is to be limited only by theappended claims and their equivalents.

1. A programmable logic device (PLD), comprising: a system clock inputpad providing a system clock input signal; a system clock buffer havingan input terminal coupled to the system clock input pad and furtherhaving an output terminal; a central node coupled to the output terminalof the system clock buffer; a plurality of secondary clock buffers eachhaving an input terminal coupled to the central node and each furtherhaving an output terminal; a plurality of programmable logic blocksdivided into sets, each set including a plurality of programmable logicblocks, each set having an associated secondary clock buffer, eachprogrammable logic block having an input clock terminal; and a pluralityof synthesizer circuits, each synthesizer circuit having an associatedprogrammable logic block, each synthesizer circuit being coupled betweenthe input clock terminal of the associated programmable logic block andthe output terminal of the associated secondary clock buffer, whereineach synthesizer circuit comprises means for selectively decoupling theinput clock terminal of the associated programmable logic block from theoutput terminal of the associated secondary clock buffer and providing asteady-state signal to the input clock terminal of the associatedprogrammable logic block.
 2. The PLD of claim 1, wherein thesteady-state signal is a ground signal.
 3. The PLD of claim 1, whereinthe steady-state signal is a power high signal.
 4. The PLD of claim 1,wherein at least one of the system clock buffer and the secondary clockbuffers are inverting buffers.
 5. The PLD of claim 1, wherein thecentral node is located about at the center of the PLD.
 6. The PLD ofclaim 1, wherein each synthesizer circuit further comprises: means forselectively deriving an output clock signal from an input clock signalon the output terminal of the associated secondary clock buffer andproviding the output clock signal to the input clock terminal of theassociated programmable logic block.
 7. The PLD of claim 6, wherein theoutput clock signal has a rising edge corresponding to a rising edge ofthe input clock signal.
 8. The PLD of claim 6, wherein the output clocksignal has a rising edge corresponding to a falling edge of the inputclock signal.
 9. The PLD of claim 6, wherein the output clock signal hasa clock frequency half that of the input clock signal.
 10. The PLD ofclaim 9, wherein the output clock signal has a rising edge correspondingto a rising edge of the input clock signal.
 11. The PLD of claim 9,wherein the output clock signal has a rising edge corresponding to afalling edge of the input clock signal.
 12. The PLD of claim 6, whereinthe output clock signal has a clock frequency twice that of the inputclock signal.
 13. The PLD of claim 6, wherein the output clock signalhas a clock frequency N times that of the input clock signal, where N isan even number greater than two.